| 104 | 1 | 143 |
| 下载次数 | 被引频次 | 阅读次数 |
“最小必要”原则是个人数据处理的一项基本原则，旨在将个人数据处理限于实现目的所必需的最小范围内，以降低数据处理的风险，保护数据主体的权益。运用文献资料法、逻辑分析法、比较研究法等，探讨智能化训练场景下“最小必要”原则适用的困境与应对。研究认为，由于运动员训练、比赛是一个非线性的复杂动态系统，智能化训练对运动员个人数据有着丰富维度和密集颗粒度的需求，加之大数据不可预测的推断性和关联性，“最小必要”原则与运动员个人数据处理之间存在着巨大张力，且强化运动员个人数据自主控制、通过匿名化保护机制的既有解决方案都难以缓解该张力。为达致运动员个人数据保护和利用的平衡，可以适当限缩“最小必要”原则的适用，替代以数据处理者“信义义务”的制度设计。
Abstract：The principle of "minimality and necessity" is a basic principle in personal data processing, which aims to limit the processing of personal data to the minimum extent necessary to achieve the intended purpose, so as to reduce the risk of data processing and protect the rights and interests of data subjects. This study uses literature review, logical analysis, and comparative research methods to explore the challenges and solutions to applying the principle of "minimality and necessity" in intelligent training scenarios. The study holds that due to the non-linear and complex dynamic system of athlete training and competition, intelligent training requires rich dimensions and intensive granularity of athletes' personal data. Coupled with the unpredictable and correlated nature of big data, there exists a huge tension between the principle of "minimality and necessity" and the processing of athletes' personal data. In addition, existing solutions that reinforce the autonomy of athlete personal data control and the anonymous protection mechanism are difficult to relieve this tension. In order to strike a balance between the protection and utilisation of athletes' personal data, the application of the principle of "minimality and necessity" could be limited and replaced by an institutional design based on the "fiduciary duty" of the data processor.
[1]GALE K. Evolving sports technology makes its mark on the internet of things:Legal implications and solutions for collecting, utilizing, and disseminating athlete biometric data collected via wearable technology[J]. Arizona State University Sports and Entertainment Law Journal, 2016, 5(2):337-380.
[2]范为.大数据时代个人信息保护的路径重构[J].环球法律评论,2016,38(5):92-115.
[3]梁泽宇.个人信息保护中目的限制原则的解释与适用[J].比较法研究,2018(5):16-30.
[4]王月明,唐瑞芳.大数据时代最小必要原则的悖论与超越[J].湖南大学学报（社会科学版）,2023,37(3):119-125.
[5]高富平.个人数据保护和利用国际规则：源流与趋势[M].北京：法律出版社,2016:12.
[6]张新宝.个人信息处理的基本原则[J].中国法律评论,2021(5):18-27.
[7]翟相娟.个人信用信息采集最小化原则的适用困境与替代方案[J].南京大学学报（哲学·人文科学·社会科学）,2024,61(3):73-82,158.
[8]FTC report on internet of things urges companies to adopt best practices to address consumer privacy and security risks[EB/OL].[2015-01-27].https://www.ftc.gov/newsevents/press-releases/2015/01/ftc-report-internet-thingsurges-compnies-adopt-best-practices.
[9]武腾.最小必要原则在平台处理个人信息实践中的适用[J].法学研究,2021,43(6):71-89.
[10]仇乃民,李少丹.竞技能力系统的非线性演化：内涵、形式与特征[J].北京体育大学学报,2016,39(1):137-144.
[11]吴彰忠,钟亚平,史金田,等.数智赋能科学训练：内涵逻辑、国际经验与本土实践[J].体育学研究,2023,37(1):82-94.
[12]钟亚平,吴彰忠,陈小平,等.数据驱动精准训练：理论内涵、实现框架与推进路径[J].体育科学,2021,41(12):48-61.
[13]刘权.论个人信息处理的合法、正当、必要原则[J].法学家,2021(5):1-15,191.
[14]Abhinav Shrivastava. Physiological and performance data in sport and the legal issues it raises[EB/OL].[2019-08-15].https://www.lawinsport.com/component/zoo/item/physiological-and-performance-data-in-sport-and-the-legalissues-it-raises.
[15]朱荣荣.个人信息保护“目的限制原则”的反思与重构：以《个人信息保护法》第6条为中心[J].财经法学,2022(1):18-31.
[16]陈龙.“数字控制”下的劳动秩序：外卖骑手的劳动控制研究[J].社会学研究,2020,35(6):113-135,244.
[17]徐伟康.量化的规训：运动员生物统计数据的法律保护[J].体育科学,2023,43(10):53-65.
[18]洛克.政府论（下篇）[M].叶启芳,瞿菊农,译.北京：商务印书馆,2013:74.
[19]黑格尔.法哲学原理[M].范扬,张企泰,译.北京：商务印书馆,2013:24.
[20]林国华.私法自治原则的基础[J].山东大学学报（哲学社会科学版）,2006(3):49-53.
[21]于鸿贤.类型化界分下职业体育用工的法律关系认定[J].体育科学,2021,41(10):76-85.
[22]胡旭忠,徐伟康.体育分析中运动员个人数据保护的研究[J].体育与科学,2021,42(2):89-93,120.
[23]JOHN A B. Measuring baseball's heartbeat:The hidden harms of wearable technology to professional ballplayers[J].Duke Law&Technology Review, 2020(18):268-292.
[24]徐伟康.运动员个人数据处理中“同意”原则适用的检视[J].武汉体育学院学报,2020,54(12):40-45,60.
[25]许天颖.数据智能化规训：可穿戴设备的隐私风险与保护[J].江西社会科学,2022,42(12):162-170.
[26]王海洋.政府数据开放场景下个人信息匿名化研究[J].情报理论与实践,2022,45(12):84-91,137.
[27]李润生.论个人健康信息“利用友好型”保护模式的建构[J].行政法学研究,2021(5):79-90.
[28]郑曦.匿名化处理：刑事诉讼被遗忘权实现的另一种途径[J].法治研究,2021(5):46-54.
[29]吕炳斌.个人信息保护的“同意”困境及其出路[J].法商研究,2021,38(2):87-101.
[30]IRA S R, WOODROW H. Anonymization and risk[J].Washington Law Review, 2016, 91(2):703-710.
[31]高富平.个人信息流通利用的制度基础：以信息识别性为视角[J].环球法律评论,2022,44(1):84-99.
[32]PAUL M S, DANIEL J S. The PII problem:Privacy and a new concept of personally identifiable information[J].New York University Law Review, 2011, 86(6):1814-1894.
[33]MARC D, GUY C, MARCUS G. Introduction to anonymisation[EB/OL][2022-06-06]. https://go.privitar.com/rs/588-MYA-374/images/2021-07-Privitar-BristowsIntro_to_Anonymisation.pdf.
[34]韩勇.体育特殊性、问题导向与中国实践：体育法学的研究进路[J].上海体育学院学报,2023,47(1):55-68.
[35]齐英程.我国个人信息匿名化规则的检视与替代选择[J].环球法律评论,2021,43(3):52-66.
[36]徐伟康.数字体育时代赛事组织者数据权益的保护[J].体育科学,2021,41(7):79-87.
[37]SOPHIE S B, ALISON K. Anonymous data v. personal data—A false debate:An EU perspective on anonymization, pseudonymization and personal data[J]. Wisconsin International Law Journal, 2016, 34(2):284-322.
[38]丁晓东.数据交易如何破局：数据要素市场中的阿罗信息悖论与法律应对[J].东方法学,2022(2):144-158.
[39]海伦·尼森鲍姆.场景中的隐私：技术、政治和社会生活中的和谐[M].王苑,译.北京：法律出版社,2022.
[40]姜野.人脸识别技术应用的场景化法律规制[J].法制与社会发展,2023,29(1):208-224.
[41]丁晓东.《个人信息保护法》的比较法重思：中国道路与解释原理[J].华东政法大学学报,2022,25(2):73-86.
[42]NISSENBAUM H. Privacy in context:Technology, policy,and the integrity of social life[M]. US:Stanford University Press, 2009:52.
[43]BALKIN J M. Information fiduciaries and the first amendment[J]. U.C.Davis Law Review, 2016, 49(4):1183-1234.
[44]莉娜·坎,大卫·博森,林少伟,等.信息信义义务理论之批判[J].交大法学,2021,12(1):168-199.
[45]ALICIA S N. Beyond the privacy torts:Reinvigorating a common law approach for data breaches[J]. Yale Law Journal Forum, 2018, 127(1):614-636.
[46]ARI E W. Privacy as trust:Sharing personal information in a networked world[J]. University of Miami Law Review, 2015, 69(3):559-630.
[47]解正山.数据驱动时代的数据隐私保护：从个人控制到数据控制者信义义务[J].法商研究,2020,37(2):71-84.
[48]NAJJAR M C. Legal and ethical issues arising from the application of data analytics and artificial intelligence to traditional sports[J]. Albany Law Journal of Science&Technology, 2023, 33(1):51-114.
[49]胡海旭,杨国庆.数字化转型：点燃当代竞技运动训练变革新引擎[J].北京体育大学学报,2021,44(11):81-98.
[50]苏宇.数据推理的法律规制[J].浙江学刊,2022(4):46-58,2.
[51]胡海旭,金成平.智能化时代的个性化训练：机器学习应用研究进展与数字化未来[J].体育学研究,2021,35(4):9-19.
基本信息:
中图分类号:G80-05
引用信息:
[1]徐伟康.智能化训练下运动员个人数据处理“最小必要”原则适用的反思与应对[J].体育科研,2025,46(06):54-61.
基金信息:
教育部人文社会科学研究青年基金项目（24YJC890057）